In Sociology, gender studies, and women’s studies considerable literature exists on the intersections of caste, gender, and religion. Rajesh Gill’s book Gender, Culture and Honour: Gender Audit of Punjab and Haryana (published by Rawat Publications in 2019 significantly contributes to this discourse by focusing on Punjab and Haryana, recognised as two of India’s most developed states. They have been the focus of extensive analysis by media, planners, scholars, and development specialists. Key themes that have drawn the attention of the media, urban planners, researchers, and development experts include progress in agricultural efficiency and the ongoing problem of gender discrimination. Importantly, these issues have coexisted, challenging traditional beliefs that economic development automatically results in gender equality.

This book originates from the research project named “Cultural Fixation on Honour: A Gender Audit of Punjab and Haryana,” which was carried out at the UGC Centre for Potential Excellence in Particular Areas (CPEPA) at Panjab University, Chandigarh between 2011 and 2017. The research employs a comprehensive ethnographic approach, drawing on extensive fieldwork conducted in twelve chosen villages within Punjab and Haryana. It thoughtfully analyses the lived experiences of both women and men through a multidimensional perspective that includes considerations of caste, religion, age, culture, and tradition. The account reveals the widespread realities of gender-related challenges, primarily concentrating on intimate partner violence and systemic discrimination that infiltrates both the private and public domains. Significant topics of investigation encompass the socially constructed norms related to menstruation and personal hygiene, the serious concern of female foeticide, obstacles to political participation, forms of domestic violence, restrictions on physical movement, and the trafficking of women disguised as matrimony.

The analysis further investigates critical issues such as child marriage, systemic inequality in access to opportunities and decision-making, and the ongoing prevalence of marital rape—challenges that persist despite the economic advancements in these otherwise prosperous states. Rich qualitative evidence is presented through personal narratives, illuminating the paradox between developmental progress and entrenched gender biases in two of India’s most developed regions. These findings necessitate a re-evaluation of the intersectionality between cultural norms and gender dynamics, leading to a more nuanced understanding of the socio-political landscape and its implications for gender equity and social justice.

According to 2011 Census data, Haryana had the lowest sex ratio and child sex ratio (0-6) in India, with Punjab following closely. This reflects a troubling gender imbalance despite introducing the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao scheme in Haryana in 2015, which has seen limited impact at the grassroots level. Issues such as underutilisation of funds, non-adherence to planned guidelines, and infrequent meetings have been identified, highlighting the ongoing challenges in achieving gender equality despite economic growth. A comprehensive study analysed various parameters, including sex ratios and literacy rates, using primary and secondary data, revealing differing social realities. The book also includes visual representations and explores topics like the cultural history of Punjab and Haryana, women’s empowerment, the role of social panchayats, media influence, and the effects of public policy on gender dynamics.
Chapter 1 discusses Punjab and Haryana’s shared cultural history, which is marked by patriarchy, evident in Haryana’s Khap panchayats and Punjab’s preference for male offspring. Both states benefited from the green revolution, which led to agricultural advancements and increased income. Chapter 2 outlines the research design, which focuses on honour killings from women’s perspectives, considering factors like region, religion, caste, and socio-economic status. It examines family pride, popular culture, and patriarchy, selecting districts and villages based on gender-related criteria for a representative sample. Chapter 3 explores rural social dynamics during panchayat elections, questioning female agency’s impact on traditional gender roles amid women’s increased participation in various spheres. Chapter 4 analyses women’s empowerment through cultural, historical, and religious lenses, including mobility, health, and political involvement. Chapter 5 highlights women’s roles in social panchayats and caste impacts on governance. Chapter 6 discusses women’s representation in print media and the influence of public policies. The final chapter addresses how cultural fixations shape gender portrayals, emphasising the need to consider religion, customs, and social dynamics in understanding issues like gender discrimination and violence.

This publication serves as a methodological resource for social sciences while exploring the correlations between economic prosperity and gender equality. Gender equality is a fundamental principle that should be embedded in public policy, media, education, and employment. Despite progress, cultural norms often obstruct true equality, particularly in societies where women’s aspirations are secondary to family honour. It is crucial to empower women through economic independence and mobility. A shift in focus from honour to individual rights is necessary, supported by legal measures prioritising human rights and equality.

Pallavi Sanil is a Doctoral Fellow in Sociology at the Central University of Punjab.